The
classical Greeks invented reason. This means thought isolated from
emotions, desires, fantasies, hormonal drives, and biological instincts. Thought by itself is pure
and uncorrupted. Its power to understand the universe is immense.
Of course, individuals
thinkers are limited in intelligence and education, and capable of
considerable error. But reason itself, as a tool to understand the
world, is vastly reliable and trustworthy. When reason is kept clean
– when logic is unadulterated by emotions, desires, fantasies, drives, and
instincts – it tends to see the universe with few illusions and
great acuity. What the Greeks discovered and invented in the 500s
B.C. is important and great almost beyond description.
Rather
than just reason and logic, it also could be said that the sixth century Greeks invented
epistemology. This means the systematic and meticulous study of
comprehension, knowledge, and truth. Early on the Greeks used pure reason to
attempt to ascertain the true nature of Nature and the universe. The
strength, depth, universality, and certainty of any intellectual
conclusion and possible truth was tested and weighed by reason alone.
Reason
applied to the study of the physical world was eventually called
science. Reason applied to the study of the intellectual world
was eventually called the humanities or social sciences. Reason
employed to understand nature can be called hard science. Reason
employed to understand humanity can be called soft science.
The
soft sciences include such subjects as psychology, sociology, anthropology, history, economics, and the massive subject of philosophy. Philosophy includes
such subjects as epistemology, metaphysics, ethics, politics,
aesthetics, and spirituality. Philosophy is so important to man that
some people just say: “The Greeks of the sixth century B.C.
invented two main things: science and philosophy.”
Scrupulously
and insightfully using reason to determine the nature of the natural world and
humanity can result in speculations, claims, and statements which are
the absolute and certain truth. Truth is naturally clear and definite
– not hazy and vague. Real truth is also a positive and exact thing
– not a matter of probability. Truth which is truth is absolute and
certain. If it isn’t, then the speculation, claim, or statement put forth can’t accurately be called truth; it isn’t an established, definite, and known truth.
Alas, many
classical Greeks rejected reason and science. It reminded them too
much of their own mortality. So they invented a “god” to save
them. They studied reality and mankind still using a relatively high
level of reason, but also mixed with significant amounts of emotion,
desire, fantasy, drive, and instinct. But willing something, or believing
something, to be true doesn’t make it so. The result of this
intellectual and cognitive mixture was an inferior epistemology or
method of determining truth.
The
first reasonist failures were the nihilists. They solidly emerged
within a century. They claimed that existence didn’t exist and that
reality wasn’t real. Naturally, they also said that the truth
wasn’t true. Even when challenged in their irrationality and
condemned for this nonsense, the nihilists nevertheless said that
existence, reality, and truth were unknowable to the human mind.
These
nihilists believed in relativism and subjectivism. Relativists said
that absolute and certain knowledge of reality was impossible; only
“truths” which were relative to each other could sometimes be
ascertained. Perhaps it could be determined that elephants were
bigger than mice – but not what their positive, definitive sizes were. Subjectivists, in turn, also said that absolute and certain
knowledge of reality was impossible; they claimed that “truth”
varied from person to person and situation to situation. The truth of
one character and circumstance was different from the truth of
another.
The
second reasonist failures were the religiosos. They also emerged
within a century. They admitted that existence existed, reality was
real, and the truth was true. They knew all this absolutely and
certainly because some deity guaranteed it to them. But they also
said that the ultimate existent, reality, and truth was this
self-same “god”. Religionists offered no serious evidence for these
fraudulent and outrageous claims.
The
religionists believed in dogma and faith. Dogma said that something
was true just because another person said so, especially some
religious authority figure. Faith said that some speculations,
claims, or statements should simply be accepted as truth without
reason or evidence. The faithful want everyone to believe and accept
their “truths” as a matter of principle – even if it means
flying in the face of reason, science, evidence, and known
facts.
Reason
tells us that truth is absolute, certain, objective, rational,
logical, and scientific. Reason also tells us that a fully rational and logical thought-system reveals
the best path towards meaning, purpose, pleasure, greatness, and happiness.