The
classical Greeks laid the foundation for the magnificent edifice of
2600 years of Western Civilization. Fundamentally, they determined
that: 1) man was great; 2) his powerful reason made him so; 3)
therefore he should employ it as much as possible. The Greeks
essentially concluded that it was man’s job to use his rational
mind energetically, systematically, and deeply in order to understand
the universe, and thus to live a noble and happy life.
The
classical Greeks left the notion of man-as-animal far behind. Rather
than a beast, they largely saw man as a type of god. Their thinking
and lifestyle created men of lofty minds and noble souls.
The
Greeks cast aside most of superstition, magic, and mythology. They
generally sought naturalistic and scientific explanations for the
nature of the universe, life, society, and individual. With this
approach to learning and life, they vanquished age-old ignorance and
rapidly acquired a great deal of knowledge and intellectual power.
The
Greeks also cast aside much of short-term thinking, narrow
self-interest, and immediate pleasure-seeking, in favor of long-term
planning, wide self-interest, and deep, long-lasting pleasure. They
became personally moral and socially just. Their minds and spirits
became healthy and alive.
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It’s
true, of course, that the classical Greeks also largely replaced
their polytheism with monotheism, their mythology with religion. They
invented the mystery cults of Eleusis and Thrace (based just west and
north of Athens) putting the worship of Orpheus, Dionysus, and
Demeter ahead of the former top gods of Athena, Apollo, and Zeus.
It’s
also true that the early Greeks mistakenly combined reason and faith,
philosophy and religion, in such loose and tricky belief-systems as
that of Pythagoras, Parmenides, and Plato. And soon enough this led
to full religions, such as Zarathustraism and then Judaism (based to
the east and south of Greece).
But
the only Greek thought which was wide-ranging, elaborate, complex,
and profound was found in the realm of philosophy, such as Zeno the
Stoic, Epicurus, and Aristotle. Full and rich thinking was also found
in Plato’s work when he stayed away from the relative shallowness
and immorality of theistic speculation.
It’s
worth noting that early religious thinking, such as that found in the
holy books of the Jewish and Christian bibles, was limited and poor.
It was never much rational or philosophical. Religious thought only
became decent after true philosophy was smashed, around 100-200 A.D.,
and all known subsequent ‘philosophers’ became highly religious.
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The
pro-reason, pro-science, pro-philosophy Greeks made man great. But
the pro-faith, pro-supernaturalism, pro-religion, anti-Greeks drove
man low. And it was only a few centuries after this that Western
Civilization began a millennium-long Dark Age.